What Is the Common-Ion Effect

Common-ion effect describes the suppressing effect on ionization of an electrolyte when another electrolyte is added that shares a common ion. How the Common-Ion Effect Works A combination of salts in an aqueous solution will all ionize according to the solubility products, which are equilibrium constants describing a mixture of two phases. If the salts share a common cation or anion, both contribute to the concentration of the ion and need to be included in concentration calculations. As one salt dissolves, it affects how well the other salt can dissolve, essentially making it less soluble. Le Chateliers principle states equilibrium will shift to counter a change when more of a reactant is added. Example of the Common-Ion Effect For example, consider what happens when you dissolve lead(II) chloride in water and then add sodium chloride to the saturated solution. Lead(II) chloride is slightly soluble in water, resulting in the following equilibrium: PbCl2(s) ⇆ Pb2(aq) 2Cl-(aq) The resulting solution contains twice as many chloride ions and lead ions. If you add sodium chloride to this solution, you have both lead(II) chloride and sodium chloride containing the chlorine anion. The sodium chloride ionizes into sodium and chloride ions: NaCl(s) ⇆ Na(aq) Cl-(aq) The additional chlorine anion from this reaction decreases the solubility of the lead(II) chloride (the common-ion effect), shifting the lead chloride reaction equilibrium to counteract the addition of chlorine. The result is that some of the chloride is removed and made into lead(II) chloride. The common-ion effect occurs whenever you have a sparingly soluble compound. The compound will become less soluble in any solution containing a common ion. While the lead chloride example featured a common anion, the same principle applies to a common cation.

Animal Farm Film Analysis - 838 Words

This essay is a comparative analysis between the film and novel, Animal Farm. Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1943 and published on the 17th of August 1945. A motion picture of the novel was later produced on the 29th of December 1954 by director Joy Bachelor. There are many differences and similarities between the novel and film involving the use of characters, symbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movie was timed at a substantial amount of 72 minutes. Both forms of the story incorporate the themes successfully with the Russian Revolution as the basic allegory and the overall aim of the book reached. In examining the major characters in the†¦show more content†¦The characters such as Boxer, Mollie and Napoleon all were symbols for the class structure, dictatorship and totalitarianism in the allegory. Majority of the symbolism is observed in the film, although, the symbolism demonstrated in greater detail and thought in the book includes the quotes, ‘Song- Beasts of England’ and the Class structure between the characters. When contrasting the movie to the book, the symbolism featured in the movie alone include blood, noise, sound and music which is witnessed by the audience. Mollie (the pony) was a representation of the people in society that did not want change to occur; this is proven in her questioning â€Å"Will there be sugar after the rebellion?†. The novel made Mollie the pony a significant part of the revolution, however, the film had not mentioned her, leaving those in the revolution not-included.The Symbolism in the book is deemed greater as the book utilises literary techniques to portray and the impact they have on the characters and storyline. The movie features less symbols in contrast to the book as the duration of the film impacted the opportunities to incorporate further symbolism. When investigating the themes and tone of the film and novel, common links can be observed such as the class structure, dictatorship and the corruption of power. The themes evident inShow MoreRelatedThe Film Food Inc.889 Words   |  4 PagesThe film Food Inc., like many other films of its category is not so much of an informative documentary, rather more of a slanderous exposà © which blows the lid off of the food industry and its operations. To say that the film is neutral and tends towards more of an educative approach would be a misinterpretation to say the least. Throughout the entire movie it is always evident that the movie aims not solely to educate its audience about the truth of their food, but to convert the misinformed andRead MoreNegative Effects Of Factory Farming1684 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth of industrialized factory farming has been substantial in the past decade. The number of dairy cows on factory farms increased by 100% and the average-sized dairy factory far m increased by 50% between 1997 and 2012. The number of livestock on factory farms rose by 20% between 2002 and 2012. The number of pigs on factory farms increased by more than 33%, and the average farm size grew by more than 70% from 1997 to 2012. The trends are all showing that this practice is growing – and quicklyRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1174 Words   |  5 Pagesclassic America novel to say the least. Not only did he create such an inspiring and detailed story line but it was followed up by an Oscar nominated film directed by John Ford. The similarities and differences within the book and the film are very controversial and being able to break down what all happened in each will help a rhetorical analysis to take place in this paper. Rhetorically speaking this paper will be on the comparisons of the book versus the movie and also the contrasts of the twoRead MoreCritical Analysis : Transactional Analysis1193 Words   |  5 PagesKing Julien, Bellw ether, and Bruce were some of the lower scoring leaders when it came to the trait approach analysis. Transactional Analysis may be another way to measure success in leadership as is trait approach. Animal leaders that tend to shift back and forth between ego states tend to have poor leadership outcomes. If we look again at Dory, Judy, and Skipper we don’t see very many or very dramatic shifts out their adult rational ego state. The traits that correlate with the shifting betweenRead MoreChildren s Literature : Research Paper1570 Words   |  7 Pagesbooks that he has written. Mr. White lived on a farm in Maine and he took care of many of these animals. This is how a lot of his books were written. Some books to mention that his animals made it into his books are Stuart in Stuart Little, Charlotte in Charlotte’s Web. His three books for children—Stuart Little (1945, film 1999), Charlotte’s Web (1952, film 1973 and 2006), and The Trumpet of the Swan (1970)à ¢â‚¬â€are considered classics, featuring lively animal protagonists who seamlessly interact with theRead MoreThe Movies Badlands ( 1973 ) And Days Of Heaven1212 Words   |  5 Pagesmaker Terrence Malick. Both of these films have been deemed culturally significant by the Library of Congress and have been inducted in 1993 and 2007 respectively. The basis of this paper is to take these two movies and shed some light behind their creator’s process. The justification for this analysis is to prove with examples that Terrence Malick is an example of an auteur. Through the use of mise en scene, sound, and editing it can be seen that the two films in question are decidedly of a certainRead MoreMovie Analysis : Food Inc1897 Words   |  8 PagesFilm Analysis Paper- Food Inc Food Inc is a documentary directed and written by Robert Kenner along with co-writers Elise Pearlstein and Kim Roberts in 2008 to discuss the current origin of food production in the United States. This film takes viewers inside the slaughter houses, farms and factories that produce American food to show how food in the 21st century is no longer organically grown and raised for healthy eating. Instead it is now controlled, mutilated, and produced in large quantitiesRead MoreEssay about Animals Must Be Protected919 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals Must Be Protected Animals are in many ways the same as human beings. We consider them our best freind, sibling, child, or to put it simply, we view them as being part of our family. For example, my parents have a a Pekingese puppy, whom I identify and treat as my little brother. I could never imagine what Ide do if anything were to happen to him. For these reasons, I strongly believe in the rights of animals and the need to provide them full protectionfrom violence and danger. Read MoreEnvironmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act1039 Words   |  5 Pagesthe water by creating a sheen. The term point source means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. Also, the point source need not be the original source of the pollutant and it embodies the broadest possible definition of any identifiable conveyanceRead MoreFarm Near Duivendrecht, in the Evening -Analysis Essay842 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Farm Near Duivendrecht, in the Evening† –Analysis†¦ Different people think, live, view, and judge in distinct ways. That’s what makes life so interesting. The great diversity of the world sometimes has an effect on certain people. Humanity itself has ways of expressing its differences, for example there’s; art, music, fashion, and hobbies, etc. All these are factors that can help identify ones personality, lifestyle, and views on certain topics, etc. This helps define us in a way, it’s a

The Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado Free Essays

Refugeeland recounts Sacco’s experience in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, highlighting the difficult and unpleasant conditions that the Palestinian people were facing regarding the Israeli occupation of Palestine and the Gulf War in the early nineties. Joe Sacco’s writing focuses upon the day to day experiences of a Palestinian from an outsider’s perspective. His meticulous drawings and eyewitness reporting style combine to create a very compelling and complex visual. We will write a custom essay sample on The Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado or any similar topic only for you Order Now Edgar Allen Poe was an American author, living from January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849, Poe is best known for his thrilling and macabre short stories. His final short story, The Cask of Amontillado, is a gloomy tale of murderous revenge, set in the catacombs of Italy, and embedded with symbolism told from a first-person narrative. Poe is a master of allegorical writing, his eerie works compel the reader to explore hidden meanings and ideas concealed within his works. Fantographics Books should strongly consider combining he artistic and literary talents of both Joe Sacco and Edgar Allen Poe to create a graphic novel, the detail filled drawings and intellectually stimulating narrative are guaranteed to appeal to the sophisticated and cultured readership of Fantographics Books. Context: Graphic novels are very important to literature. They can illuminate and expose parts of a story to a reader that would otherwise be hidden within the text. Through the use of visual imagery, the reader can gain more information and decipher parts of the story from a graphic novel that would other wise be assumed or lost in the text alone, such as the author’s intent. Graphic novels can also be read by a much larger audience than text stories, this is due to the fact that graphic novels do not solely rely on the text to tell the story. This would be most beneficial for publishing a story in an international market where the story would have to be translated to different languages. The reader can view the images and interpret the overarching idea of the story without having to read the text. An example of this can be seen in Robert Crumb’s visual interpretation of Franz Kafka’s short story, A Hunger Artist. The text version of the story was originally written in German, the story was then translated to English and many other languages around the world. Because of the difference in translations, some of the original meaning behind the story may have been lost. The difference between the text and illustrated versions of the story are very noticeable. An example can be seen in the different descriptions of artist himself. In Kafka’s version, the hunger artist is described as â€Å"†¦ pale figure with enormously protruding ribs†¦. nodding politely†¦. answering questions with a forced smile†¦ † (465). In the graphic version of the story, Crumbs depiction is very different from realistic. While it akes no textual description of the hunger artist, it illustrates him as a very disturbed and reclusive man sitting in the back ot an a nimal cage, ne is not nodding politely or smiling, and he also appears to be on the verge of death (927). The visual depiction from the graphic novel aids in transforming the readers understanding of the text, otherwise the reader may be lost in translation. Why â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Joseph Sacco: The descriptive details of a captivating story should be at the forefront of importance when beginning to create a graphic novel. It will eventually become the oundation for the drawings. Without such detail, the graphic novel will be unappealing to most readers, and because of this, the sales of the novel will suffer. For the best possible outcome regarding readership and sales, Fantographics Books should publish an illustrated version of Edgar Allan Poe’s short horror-story, The Cask of Amontillado. Poe’s dark and eerie narrative depicts the death of a person by being buried alive from a murder’s perspective. The story is overflowing with vivd imagery and detail. One such example from the story would be when the main character Montresor begins to lead Fortunato down the stairs into the catacombs of Montresor, â€Å"l took their sconces two flambeaux, and giving one to Fortunato, bowed him through several suites of rooms to the archway that lead into the vaults. I passed down a long and winding staircase, requesting him to be cautious as he followed. We came to the length to the foot of the descent, and stood together on the damp ground of the catacombs of Montresor† (724). It is clear to see how much detail is bound into one small paragraph, his choice in adjectives and his use of first-person pronouns such s â€Å"We† and â€Å"l† allow the reader to envision them selves in the story, which is an excellent starting point for developing a drawing. Poe establishes a very absorbing and thrilling tale through his use of such imagery, and this is precisely why Fantographics Books should strongly consider publishing an illustrated graphic version of The Cask of Amontillado. The artist who could best illustrate the graphic version of The Cask of Amontillado would be Joe Sacco. Joe Sacco has a background in journalistic reporting, a career that requires serious attention to detail to clearly and ccurately relay all of the facts in a news story. In his artistic renderings, Joe Sacco uses an exorbitant amount of detail, which would mesh well with the many details and symbolisms within Poe’s writings. One such example would be from Joe Sacco’s graphic novel Refugeeland. The illustration in particular is on the second page of the story. It is a two page spread that depicts an arial view of a city. The graphic weight of the image leads the viewer’s eye around the drawing, the primary source being Sacco’s use of crosshatching to fill the different spacial grounds. It is filled with all of he normal things one would see in a city, such as buildings, cars, and people, except every possible space in the spread is filled with the tiniest detail. There are no text boxes or areas for dialogue on this spread, allowing the viewer to contemplate all of the details in the scene. Sacco makes every part of the image important, he doesnt focus on a particular object or person, which allows for different symbols or elements to be incorporated into the drawing. Poe is an author who uses symbolism is all parts of his writings, including character names, settings, colors, and diction. All of these ymbols work together to create an intellectually stimulating story that causes the reader to pause and reconsider certain aspects hidden within the writing. The aura of mystery surrounding the setting of Edgar Allen Poe’s writing combined with the first-person perspectives in the illustrations ot Joe Sacco would make this an exceptional pairing for Fantographics books to publish. Preview: In the middle of the story there is a scene where Montresor and Fortunato are in the catacombs, it is filled with various complex details describing the ambience of the crypt while the men carry out their vain attempt at finding the Amontillado, â€Å"We assed through a range of low arches, descended, passed on, and descending again, arrived at a deep crypt, in which the foulness of the air caused our flambeaux to glow than flame†¦ the walls had been lined with human remains†¦ † (725). In this scene, Joe Sacco will illustrate a two page splash capturing the entire crypt. In this splash, he will capture the intricate details of the catacombs by using hatching technique done with pen and ink. He will show the men descending past the different arches of the crypt from their perspective to make the reader feel like they are walking into the atacombs with the men too. When he illustrates this scene he will use a range of values to establish the fore, middle, and background, this will encapsulate a very important moment in the story that will lead the reader’s eye across the page and provide an opportunity to place symbols that Poe is known for into the drawing. His use of contrasting values in the scene will also convey the tone, which will be very grim and foreboding. Joe Sacco’s elaborate adaptation will be ideal for Poe’s mysterious short story. Challenges and Unknowns: Although it may be argued that Joe Sacco’s background as a Journalist is not ppropriate for such a monstrous fictional tale like The Cask of Amontillado, especially considering all other artistic possibilities, Joe Sacco is the most qualified artist for the Job. Attention to detail is a major necessity for any artist who is thinking about taking on such a detail-rich story like The Cask of Amontillado, which is brimming with symbolism and subtle details. Joe Sacco’s background as a Journalist is perfect for The Cask of Amontillado. In his career he focused upon depicting the perspective of the Palestinian people, his eyewitness style of writing is very fitting for he firsthand narration that Montresor delivers to the readers, which is evidence of Sacco’s ability to transform Poe’s writing into a graphic novel. Honorable Mention: Another artistic and literary combination that Fantographics Books could have possibly considered would be the pairing of Art Spiegelman, author and illustrator of Prisoner on the Hell Planet, with A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Spiegelman’s simplistic illustrations integrated with the magical realism of Marquez would have made for a very interesting combination. Visually, it ould be very stimulating. Spiegelman has a sort of crazed intensity to his drawings, I think it would have been fun to see the bizarre happenings of A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings portrayed in a woodblock printing style. Ultimately, I decided to work with Sacco and Poe because visually and allegorically there is so much more to work with. I enjoy the macabre and thrilling nature of Poe’s writing more than magical realism that Marquez is known for. I also enjoy the realistic and complex style that Joe Sacco has as compared with Art Spiegelman, whose drawings are rather flat and disorganized. How to cite The Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado, Papers

Public Administration

Question: Discuss about the Public Administeation ? Answer : Introducation A new form of governance has emerged as a substitute to the managerial and adversarial methods of formulating and implementing policies. This new form of governance is called the collaborative governance which brings in several stakeholders together with public agencies in common forums so that they can participate harmoniously in the decision making process (O'Flynn Wanna, 2013). In other words a collaborative governing arrangement may be defined as a governing arrangement where several public agencies involve non-state stakeholders to actively participate in the formal decision making process in order to formulate public policies and implement the public assets or programs. Collaborative governance has the following essential characteristics: the forum is established by public agencies; the non-state stakeholders are a part of the forum; the participants actively participate in the decision making process; the objective of the forum is to formulate and implement public policies ha rmoniously and consensually. This form of governing arrangement has been developed in order to respond to the failure of the adversarialism and failure of accountability in the managerialism. Collaborative governance seems to assure that if collaborative governing arrangement is adopted then it would facilitate in reducing the high expense that is incurred in the adversarial method of policy-making process and result in increase democratic participation and refurbish reasonability to public management. Collaborative governance process includes various stages. Many scholars describe the consensus-building process as an implementation or a negotiation phase. Some scholars identify three stages, which includes policy formulation, policy development and the decision-making process (Guerrero et al., 2015). One of the essential elements of the term collaborative governance is the word governance. Several authors have construed the word governance as rules, legal regimes, administrative practice and judicial decisions that prohibit and enable provisions related to public goods and services. It is often argued while interpreting governance that it refers to a form of government, which blurs the boundaries between and within the private and the public sectors. However, governance also includes decision-making process, which involves the active participation of both the private and the public sectors. Therefore, another essential element in collaborative governance includes a form of governm ent wherein both the private and the public sectors work together in different ways, following particular process in order to develop rules and laws for the provision of public related goods. In a collaborative governing process, every individuals and all the interest groups are entitled to participate in the decision making process regarding the decisions that tends to affect them. Although most of the collaborative arrangements strictly involve non-state actors, effective collaborative governance specifically defines the role played by the public agencies. The term public agency includes the legislatures, courts, bureaucracies and other governmental bodies, however, in collaborative governance the term public agency refers to the executive branch agency (Emerson Gerlak, 2014). These public agencies tend to start collaborative forums either to comply with statutory mandates or to satisfy their own purpose. Several scholars are of the opinion that collaborative governance indicates that the public agencies and the non-state stakeholders share a different kind of relationship. For instance, some authors state that collaborative arrangements signifies representation by the essential interest groups, whereas some are of the opinion that collaborative governance include representatives of all related groups. The term stakeholders in collaborative governance shall include the participation of the organized groups and the participation of the citizens as individuals. Although the public agencies and the stakeholders play distinctive roles in a collaborative arrangement, they may be referred to as stakeholders for convenience. Collaborative governance is effective if it involves collectiveness. There must be a two-way communication between the stakeholders and the public agencies. They must hold meetings together and engage themselves in deliberations (Bryson, 2013). Collaborative arrangements entails that stakeholders must participate in the decision-making process, as they shall be responsible for the consequences of the policies. The decisions in the collaborative form of governance are made harmoniously, that is, the participants of the forum must come to an agreement in order to resolve the concerned issues. Although the public agencies possess the final decisive authority to decide, the underlying objective of collaboration is to achieve agreement among all the stakeholders. Collaborative governance concentrates on public related policies and issues (Head Alford, 2015). Collaborative governance is different from other forums like alternative dispute resolution forums or mediation forums. The public agencies may resort to the alternative dispute resolution and mediation forums in order to resolve the public related issues but these forums are designed to resolve disputes arising between private individuals. An essential feature of collaborative form of governance is that in order to reduce the indistinctness between the public and the private sectors, the term collaborative governance is defined as a gover nment that deals with public affairs. Collaborative governance becomes effective if all the stakeholders participate in the decision-making process, however, it is obvious that the authority of including or excluding certain stakeholders shall arise in the collaborative forum but there are certain stakeholders the exclusion of which shall intimidate the legitimacy of eth decision-making process or even result in the failure of the collaboration process altogether. The final deliberations of the collaborative forum may be questioned in case the relevant participants of the forum are of the view that they were not represented efficiently (Huxham Vangen, 2013). The parties who obtain the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process of the collaborative forum are the ones who tend to be committed to the process. The success of the decision-making process of a collaborative form of governance relies on three essential factors: whether people affected by the decisions taken by the forum respect the participants or their expertise and the authority of the participants to make such decisions. The collective authority and expertise and the decisive authority of the participants or the collaborators are fundamental for the decision-making processes and the collaboration outcome of the collaborative arrangement (Fung, 2015). If the participants lack any of these factors they are considered to be incapable and have no authority to make decisions related to the fundamental issues. If the participants demonstrate their expertise and capability to resolve the issues, the decisions made by them are considered to be appropriate. The parties in the collaborative governance process may realize that there is a need to engage people on a wider scale in the decision-making process. For example, the participants in the collaborative governance may become conscious about the fact that the process must include even those individuals who are affected by the consequences of the policies along with those people who have interests in such outcome. While the proper inclusion of stakeholders is essential for an effective collaborative governance, several scholars have comprehended that the participating groups shall have distinct incentives in order to participate in the collaborative governance process relying on their respective power in the forum (Bryson, Crosby Bloomberg, 2014). There are factors that hinder the effective working of the collaborative governance process (Margerum, 2016). Firstly, the parties participating in the decision-making process who believes to be powerful usually does not restrict themselves to one specific collaborative way, instead they like to have more options available to them. As it is pointed out by scholars of collaborative governance that when there are multiple options available for resolution, it is conceived that a resolution using the collaborative process is not a favourable option. Secondly, the issue regarding the power imbalance may take place when decisions about including representatives stakeholders from the organised sectors of the society is made as several interests groups may not have an structural framework to represent them in the collaborative governance process (Doberstein, 2016). Therefore, the more the stakeholders are affected, the more difficult it becomes to represent the stakeholders in the collaborative governances processes. Thirdly, there is an existence of differences of interest and conflict. Such conflict may result in an inter-group antagonism and it becomes very difficult to overcome such inter-group antagonism through collaborative governance processes. The stakeholders become so involved in interpreting their own identities and preparing solutions to resolve the problems they face. This prevents them from concentrating on the collaboration governance process (Choi Robertson, 2013). Fourthly, the conditions present in the beginning of the collaboration process, it may either encourage or discourage cooperation among the stakeholders or between the stakeholders and the public agencies. Fifthly, if the stakeholders are incapable or do not have any resources, status or is unable to participate equally with the other stakeholders, then the collaborative governance process shall be easily manipulated by the stronger participants. It becomes a major concern when key stakeholders do not possess structural framework to be represented in a collaborative process. An additional issue related to the imbalance of power is at times the stakeholders do not have the energy or time to engage themselves in a time consuming collaborative governance process. Lastly, in a collaborative governance process, the participation process is voluntary due to which it becomes difficult to comprehend the incentives of the stakeholders which encourages them to involve in the collaborative governance and the factors that outlines the incentives. The obstacles to effective collaborative governance process can be mitigated if the participants adopt the appropriate approaches. Firstly, in order to deal with the conflicts and the difference of interest among the stakeholders and the public agencies and the stakeholders, the participants must be identify the goal, which is beneficial for all the participants engaged in the collaborative governance process, irrespective of the conflicts or differences in interests of the participants. Secondly, in order to overcome the problem related to the power imbalance, the collaborative governance is required to adopt a positive strategy of empowerment and ensure effective representation of the underprivileged or the weaker stakeholders. Thirdly, the issue related to antagonism among the stakeholders may be dealt with if the stakeholders are highly interdependent among themselves; the stakeholders trust other and the other participants involved in the decision making process (Klievink, Bharosa Tan, (2016). If optimistic approaches are adopted to incorporate faith, trust and confidence amongst the stakeholders and the social capital is reduced, the level of antagonism shall come down and the participants shall work together in the decision-making process and resolve issues consensually. This would result in the formulation and implementation of effective policies for public good. Fourthly, at the time of commencement of the collaboration process, effective leadership is essential. An effective leadership is fundamental in collaborative arrangements as it facilitates in bringing the parties to an agreement and guides them through unsteady situations in the decision-making process. Leadership facilitates the stakeholders to come together and participate in the decision making process in a collaborative spirit. Mediation enhances the responsibility of the the third party intervention to arbitrate when the participants fail to come to an agreement. Under such circumstances, the third party may provide a solution which although shall not amount to a binding arbitration, but it would provide a clear outline of the agenda (Bingham O'Leary, 2014). Leadership is essential as it facilitates to set comprehensible ground rules; build trust and look for common gains. Several scholars have have argued that leadership is vital as it empowers, embraces and engage the stakeh olders and organize them to move ahead in the collaborative process. Moreover, several scholars have asserted that for leadership to be effective, it must possess the three essential elements: the ability to maintain technical credibility, to ensure empowering the collaborative process to make convincing decisions and the ability to administer the collaborative process adequately. Fifthly, sometimes when important stakeholders do not possess structural framework to be represented in a collaborative process, it turns out to be a major issue. However, this issue can be dealt with if the interests of the participants are carefully addressed. If the participants convince each other of the advantages of the substitute ideas by giving them proper reasons behind the ideas, this would help create an understanding between them. This would further, help them align their preferences about how they can attain their joint and common aspirations together (Ansell Torfing, 2015). If the personal and collective interests of the stakeholders are fulfilled, it would facilitate the stakeholders to come to an agreement in order to achieve the objectives and strategies of the collaborative governance. The issue related to the incentives of the participants is critical as resource and power imbalance will affect the incentives of the participants to participate in the process of collaborative governance. The incentives of the stakeholders to take part in the collaborative process party depends upon their expectations such as whether the collaborative process give them significant results against the energy and time the collaborative process requires the participants to give in such process. However, the incentives of the participants enhances if they are convinced that their participation in the process shall result in a concrete, efficient and satisfactory outcome of the policies. On the other hand, the stakeholders may decline the incentives if they notice that their input is being considered as an advice and is not being implemented (Gash, 2016). In Collaborative governance, every individual matters in policy and the policy matters to everyone. In order to cope with the modern complex public problems, an effective collaborative effort is essential to develop policies for public welfare (Choi Robertson, 2014). A recent example of collaborative process in Australia may be the Noosa Climate Action Plan (NCAP), which is a community-oriented plan, which is supported by variety of stakeholders. The NCAP plan is a successful collaborative planning process. The adverse changes in the weather conditions have had a significant impact on the environment and economy of Australia, especially in Queensland (Smith et al., 2015). In order to deal with such a complicated problem as climate change, it was pertinent that both the non-state and government organisations come together to resolve the issue. Collaborative governance was recognised as one of the most effective approaches to deal with the issue. This approach laid emphasis on promotion of the rights of the community in the decision-making processes at the local level through empowerment, local knowledge, etc. It is essential that the participants realise the policy gaps between the international frameworks and the local action processes as the adaptations needs to be implemented both locally and nationally (Biddle Koontz, 2014). This signifies the importance of collaboration between the non-state and state organisations from the local to the national level. The NCAP action plan was successful as it succeeded in incorporating the stakeholders into a consensus-oriented and common decision-making process. The factors that attributed to the success of the NCAP plan were the increase in the incentives of the stakeholders; effective leadership; mutual respect among the stakeholders; developing trust and confidence among the participants; consensus-oriented and mutual decision-making process and fair distribution of power (Keys, Thomsen Smith, 2016). Collaborative governance lacks accountability and therefore, the participants must trust one another and put in efforts to comprehend the demands and ideas of each other. This would enable the stakeholders to develop effective policies, addressing the concerns and demands of the various interest groups and it would help them achieve their individual goals as well. The success of the NCAP plan as a collaborative process establishes the fact that how the involvement of both the state and the non-state actors is essential to implement an effective collaborative governance (Howes Dedekorkut, 2016). Now, it is a well-known fact that in order to make the stakeholders come to an agreement, an effective leader plays a vital role. Apart from playing the role of a mediator, leadership is imperative for representing the weaker stakeholders in the decision-making process. Many scholars recognise this particular responsibility of a facilitative leadership as one of the mediation methods, which enables to maintain the balance of power amongst the stakeholders (Burton Nalau, 2016). When the incentives to take part in the decision making process is weak, the leader must intervene to maintain the stakeholders or empower the weaker actors participating in the decision making process. In case there is high conflict between the stakeholders, the role of the mediator is delegated to a person who has no interest in the consequences of the policies to maintain neutrality in the collaborative process (Bryson, Crosby Stone, 2015). The absence of mutual trust among the stakeholders is very common at the time of commencement of collaborative governance process. The collaborative process is not about negotiation only; it is also, about how the participants develop mutual trust between themselves. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that in a collaborative governance process it is imperative that the stakeholders develop mutual trust among themselves and a shared understanding of their collective achievements. Although the collaborative process face challenges while preparing and implementing the public policies such as manipulation of the process by the powerful stakeholders; lack of commitment by the public agencies; mutual distrust and lack of confidence among the stakeholders; but there are factors that attributes to implement an effective collaborative governance (Siddiki et al., 2015). These factors can be categorised as resource factors, stakeholder factors and organisational structural factors. The factors related to stakeholders include participation of the stakeholders in every stage of decision-making process. An increase in the incentives of the stakeholders to participate in the collaborative process is an essential factor in the process. Further, the joint involvement of the stakeholders to share the responsibilities and resources with one another is regarded as another crucial factor (Merritt Kelley, 2017). Furthermore, the collaborative process must include participation of the fundamental stakeholders in the collective decision-making process of collaborative governance. Collaborative governance process lacks accountability and commitment which results in fraudulent acts in the collaborative arrangements. It is essential that the stakeholders share responsibilities and resources with one another, as it would develop a mutual understanding and enhance accountability. Therefore, implementation of effective collaborative governance can be achieved if the participants in the decisionmaking process consensually make decisions taking into consideration the welfare and the benefit of the public. Reference list Ansell, C., Torfing, J. (2015). How does collaborative governance scale?.Policy Politics,43(3), 315-329. Biddle, J. C., Koontz, T. M. (2014). Goal specificity: A proxy measure for improvements in environmental outcomes in collaborative governance.Journal of environmental management,145, 268-276. Bingham, L. B., O'Leary, R. (2014).Big ideas in collaborative public management. Routledge. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., Bloomberg, L. (2014). Public value governance: Moving beyond traditional public administration and the new public management.Public Administration Review,74(4), 445-456. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and implementing cross?sector collaborations: Needed and challenging.Public Administration Review,75(5), 647-663. Bryson, J. M., Quick, K. S., Slotterback, C. S., Crosby, B. C. (2013). Designing public participation processes.Public administration review,73(1), 23-34. Burton, P., Nalau, J. (2016). Public participation in the governance of metropolitan scale climate adaptation: panacea or problem?.Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions: Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence, 317-332. Choi, T., Robertson, P. J. (2013). Deliberation and decision in collaborative governance: A simulation of approaches to mitigate power imbalance.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, mut003. Choi, T., Robertson, P. J. (2014). Caucuses in Collaborative Governance: Modeling the Effects of Structure, Power, and Problem Complexity.International Public Management Journal,17(2), 224-254. Doberstein, C. (2016). Designing collaborative governance decision-making in search of a collaborative advantage.Public Management Review,18(6), 819-841. Emerson, K., Gerlak, A. K. (2014). Adaptation in collaborative governance regimes.Environmental management,54(4), 768-781. Fung, A. (2015). Putting the public back into governance: The challenges of citizen participation and its future.Public Administration Review,75(4), 513-522. Gash, A. (2016). 37. Collaborative governance.Handbook on Theories of Governance, 454. Guerrero, A., Bodin, ., McAllister, R., Wilson, K. (2015). Achieving social-ecological fit through bottom-up collaborative governance: an empirical investigation.Ecology and Society,20(4). Head, B. W., Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management.Administration Society,47(6), 711-739. Howes, M., Dedekorkut?Howes, A. (2016). The rise and fall of climate adaptation governance on the Gold Coast, Australia.Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions: Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence, 237-250. Huxham, C., Vangen, S. (2013).Managing to collaborate: The theory and practice of collaborative advantage. Routledge. Keys, N., Thomsen, D. C., Smith, T. F. (2016). Adaptive capacity and climate change: the role of community opinion leaders.Local Environment,21(4), 432-450. Klievink, B., Bharosa, N., Tan, Y. H. (2016). The collaborative realization of public values and business goals: Governance and infrastructure of publicprivate information platforms.Government Information Quarterly,33(1), 67-79. Margerum, R. D., Robinson, C. J., Genskow, K. (2016). 17. The challenges of collaborative governance: towards a new research agenda.The Challenges of Collaboration in Environmental Governance: Barriers and Responses, 371. Merritt, C. C., Kelley, D. (2017). What Individual and Organizational Competencies Facilitate Effective Collaboration? Findings from a Collaborative Governance Simulation. O'Flynn, J., Wanna, J. (2013). Collaborative Governance: A new era of public policy in Australia?. Siddiki, S. N., Carboni, J. L., Koski, C., Sadiq, A. A. (2015). How policy rules shape the structure and performance of collaborative governance arrangements.Public Administration Review,75(4), 536-547. Smith, T. F., Choy, D., Thomsen, D. C., Serrao-Neumann, S., Crick, F., Sano, M., ... Sharma, V. (2015). Adapting Australian coastal regions to climate change. CRC Press.